Nepal: Geology and Geography

Nepal Himalaya lies in the active seismic belt. Seismicity in the Himalaya is the consequence of the collision of the Indian Plate with Eurasian plate. Nepal is exposed to most disaster types including earthquakes, floods, landslides, droughts, storms, avalanches, hailstorms, fires, epidemics and ecological hazards. A wide range of physiological, geological, tectonic, ecological, meteorological and demographic factors contribute to the vulnerability of the country. Earthquake can neither be predicted nor stopped the only way to minimize its impact is to take safety measures. HISTORICAL AND PAST DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES IN NEPAL Source: Historical Earthquakes of Nepal ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT The National Council for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, chaired by the Prime Minister, and the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Executive Committee, chaired by the Home Minister, are the top policy bodies for disaster management. Under them, the National Disast...

  Biostratigraphy.  The element of stratigraphy that deals with the distribution of fossils in the stratigraphic record and the organization of strata into units on the basis of their contained fossils. Biostratigraphic classification.  The systematic subdivision and organization of the stratigraphic section into named units based on their fossil content. Biostratigraphic zone (Biozone).  A general term for any kind of biostratigraphic unit regardless of thickness or geographic extent.   Biozones vary greatly in thickness, geographic extent, and represented time span. Biostratigraphic horizon (Biohorizon).  A stratigraphic boundary, surface, or interface across which there is a significant change in biostratigraphic character.  A biohorizon has no thickness and should not be used to describe very thin stratigraphic units that are especially distinctive   Kinds of Biostratigraphic Units Five kinds of biozones are in common use: range zo...

According to Yin 2006, the Himalaya has been politically, geographically, structurally, and stratigraphically defined. Geographically, the Himalayan range lies between its eastern and western syntaxis as represented by the Namche Barwa and Nanga Parbat peaks. The Himalayan orogen is defined by the Indus– Tsangpo suture in the north, the left-slip Chaman fault in the west, the right-slip Sagaing fault in the east, and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) in the south. The Himalayan tectonic system is a broader concept than the Himalayan orogen. It consists of the Himalayan orogen, the active Himalayan foreland basin (=Indo-Gangetic depression), and the Indus and Bengal Fans. All of these features were produced by the Indo-Asian collision.

  Siwalik Fossils Plant fossils, Vertebrate fossils and ostracods. Vertebrate fossils have been recorded from Babai, Tui, Surai, Tinau and Rato Khola area. 2. Plant fossils in Lower Siwalik and correlable rocks. •         Bambusa siwalika •         Polyalthya palaeosimiarum •         Dipterocarpus siwalikus 2.       Fresh water Ostracods from Butwal area. Fossils of Tansen Group Sisne : Bryozoa; Genera Fenestella, Polypora, Acantholcladia ( Carboniferous to Permian) Taltung : Bennettitales and Ficlaes. Ptilophyllum sp., Pterophyllum sp., Cladophrebis sp., Elatocladus sp, Pterodospermae ( L. Jurrasic to E. Cretaceous) Amile : Shark teeth, vertebrate bone fragments, gastropods, pelecypods, echinoids Bhainskati : Nummulites and Assilina, Bivalves, vertebrate bone fragments. Dumri :...